Engineering Geology

Earth structure, geological time, relative history and plate motion interpreted through evidence and explicit engineering assumptions.

Mineral evidence, rock origins, material condition and exact phase relationships for engineering interpretation.

Three-dimensional rock structure, orientation, and kinematic implications for civil engineering.

Effective stress, rock strength, classification and excavation response with explicit model limits.

Weathering, sediment transport, slope movement and bounded effective-stress calculations.

Groundwater occurrence, movement, storage, and quality in civil engineering settings.

Wave motion, conditional source location, magnitude and site-specific ground-motion interpretation.

Recognize ground-failure mechanisms, distinguish hazard from risk, and interpret bounded engineering calculations.

Planning and interpretation of subsurface exploration, sampling, in-situ tests, and rock-core measurements.

Indirect geophysical methods for subsurface characterization and their limits in engineering geology.

How site geology informs dam, tunnel, and transportation design, with emphasis on tunnel method and support reassessment.