In civil
Archimedes' principle, buoyant force, and stability of floating and submerged bodies.
Laminar and turbulent flow, Reynolds number, and friction losses in pipes.
Devices and methods for measuring flow rate, including orifices, venturi meters, and weirs.
Dynamics of fluid flow including Bernoulli's equation, energy lines, and the impulse-momentum principle.
Study of fluid motion without considering forces, including flow types and the continuity equation.
Principles of pumps and turbines, power calculations, and efficiency.
Calculating hydrostatic forces on plane and curved submerged surfaces.
Fluid pressure concepts, Pascal's Law, pressure variation with depth, and manometers.
Flow in open channels, geometric elements, Chezy and Manning formulas, and efficient sections.
Analysis of complex pipe systems including series, parallel, and branching pipes.
Fundamental properties of fluids including density, specific weight, specific gravity, viscosity, and surface tension.
Specific energy, critical depth, hydraulic jumps, and gradually varied flow profiles.