An engineering manager wants to motivate her team to work overtime to complete a critical project milestone. She offers a $500 bonus to anyone who logs an extra 20 hours this month. Analyze this situation using Expectancy Theory (Motivation = Expectancy × Instrumentality × Valence).

A software development team is experiencing high turnover and low morale. The company provides excellent salaries, comprehensive benefits, and a modern office with free snacks. However, the work is highly repetitive, and developers have little autonomy over their projects. Analyze this using Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory.