A mid-sized civil engineering firm currently uses a strict functional structure (separate departments for Structural, Geotechnical, and Transportation). However, they are taking on more large-scale, multi-disciplinary design-build projects and are experiencing communication bottlenecks. Propose a new organizational structure.

A manufacturing plant is evaluating its organizational hierarchy. The plant manager oversees 4 department heads. Each department head manages 8 supervisors. Each supervisor oversees 15 line workers. Analyze the span of control at each level.