A photogrammetric mapping firm is hired to create a highly detailed 3D topographic map of a mountainous region. The pilot plans a flight path to take a series of overlapping aerial photographs.

Explain why the photographs must overlap (both forward overlap and side-lap), what percentage is typically required, and how the concept of stereoscopic vision allows the firm to extract 3D elevation data from 2D images.

A city planner is developing a new municipal GIS database and must decide how to store two specific datasets:

Recommend whether each dataset should be stored using a Vector data model or a Raster data model, and justify the choice.

An aerial photograph is taken with a camera having a focal length ($f$) of $152 \text{ mm}$. The flying height ($H$) of the aircraft is $3500 \text{ m}$ above mean sea level (MSL). The terrain being photographed is perfectly flat at an average elevation ($h$) of $460 \text{ m}$ above MSL.

Calculate the exact scale ($S$) of the photograph at that terrain elevation.

Two distinct road intersections, A and B, are visible on an aerial photograph. The distance between the two intersections measured directly on the photograph ($d$) is $8.45 \text{ cm}$. The true ground distance ($D$) between the two intersections is $1200 \text{ m}$. The camera's focal length ($f$) is $152.4 \text{ mm}$. Both intersections lie at an average elevation ($h$) of $250 \text{ m}$ above MSL.

Determine the flying height ($H$) of the aircraft above MSL.

On a truly vertical aerial photograph, a tall radio tower appears to lean outward from the center (principal point) of the photo due to relief displacement.

Calculate the relief displacement ($d$) and use it to determine the true vertical height ($h_{tower}$) of the radio tower.