Earthwork Estimates Applications
Examples and applications of earthwork calculations including swell, shrinkage, and haul costs.
Example 1: Basic Volume Calculation with Swell Factor
Determine the total bank volume to be excavated and the resulting loose volume for hauling.
A highway project requires excavating a segment to lower the road grade. Station has a cut area of , and Station has a cut area of . The geotechnical report indicates the native soil has a known swell factor of .
Determine the total Bank Cubic Meters (BCM) to be excavated and the resulting Loose Cubic Meters (LCM) that must be hauled away by the trucking fleet.
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Example 2: Fill Volume Calculation with Shrinkage
Calculating the required borrow pit volume to achieve a specific compacted fill volume.
A site development project requires placing of compacted engineered fill (Compacted Cubic Meters, CCM) to raise the elevation for a building pad. The borrow pit material available offsite has a shrinkage factor of (meaning it shrinks from its natural bank state when fully compacted).
Calculate the volume of bank material (BCM) that must be purchased and excavated from the borrow pit to satisfy the fill requirement.
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Example 3: Grid Method for Site Grading
Estimating earthwork for a large, relatively flat area using the grid (borrow pit) method.
A rectangular building pad measuring is divided into six square grids. A surveyor determines the depth of cut required at each of the grid intersection nodes. For one specific grid square, the cut depths at its four corners are , , , and .
Calculate the cut volume for this single grid cell.
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Example 4: Calculating Simple Haul Costs
Combining loose volumes, truck capacities, and cycle times to determine hauling cost.
An excavation yields of soil with a swell factor. A fleet of capacity dump trucks will haul the material offsite. Each truck cycle (load, haul, dump, return) takes exactly (). The rental rate for a truck and driver is \120 / \text$.
Calculate the total transportation cost to haul all the excavated soil.
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Key Takeaways
- The Average End Area method is standard for linear infrastructure like highways, combining cross-sectional areas with linear stationing distances.
- Estimators must carefully track soil states: BCM (in ground), LCM (in transit), and CCM (placed and compacted).
- Swell factors increase BCM to find LCM. Shrinkage factors dictate how much extra BCM must be sourced to yield a specific CCM.
- Hauling cost estimates depend entirely on converting the total dirt volume to LCM, determining truck loads, and calculating cycle times.