Sample Problem: Volume Conversion - Bank to Compacted
Example
Problem Statement: A project requires 10,000 of compacted fill (embankment). The soil has a shrinkage factor of 0.90 (from Bank to Compacted) and a swell of 25% (from Bank to Loose). How many Bank cubic meters must be excavated? How many Loose cubic meters must be hauled?
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Sample Problem: Number of Truck Loads
Example
Problem Statement: Using the previous example, if each dump truck carries 15 (loose volume), how many truck trips are required?
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Sample Problem: Mass Haul Diagram Calculation
Example
Problem Statement: A highway section has a cut volume of 4,000 BCM (Bank Cubic Meters) and a fill requirement of 5,500 CCM (Compacted Cubic Meters). The soil has a shrinkage factor of 0.85. Calculate the net balance of earthwork. Do we need to borrow soil or waste soil?
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Sample Problem: Safe Slopes (Angle of Repose)
Example
Problem Statement: An excavation must reach a depth of 6 meters in dry sand. The angle of repose for dry sand is 34°. What is the minimum required horizontal setback from the top edge of the excavation to ensure the side slopes do not collapse (assuming no shoring is used)?
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Key Takeaways
- Volume Changes: Soil exists in three states (Bank, Loose, Compacted). Shrinkage and swell factors must always be applied relative to the undisturbed Bank volume.
- Logistics: Trucking requirements are calculated strictly based on Loose volume, as the soil expands significantly upon excavation.
- Safety: Understanding the natural angle of repose of specific soils dictates whether open excavation is possible or if expensive shoring systems are necessary.